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Traditionally used for mild diarrhea, minor mouth or throat inflammation and superficial skin irritation.

EMA bases these indications on traditional use; clinical studies are lacking.

Traditionally used for mild diarrhea, minor mouth irritation and minor skin inflammation.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally applied to skin for burns, irritation and wound care; oral uses have varied widely across cultures.

Some research suggests topical gel may help certain burns and skin conditions, but evidence is limited and product types differ.

A restorative root used in North American and East Asian herbal practice, often associated with energy, recovery and seasonal wellness.

Studies have not shown that American ginseng prevents colds. It may shorten a cold, but the evidence is insufficient to recommend it for prevention or treatment.

Traditionally used for mild digestive spasms, bloating and coughs associated with colds.

EMA recognizes longstanding traditional use; this is not the same as demonstrated efficacy in robust clinical trials.

Traditionally applied for bruises, sprains and localized muscle discomfort.

EMA bases this use on longstanding tradition. Small clinical studies do not establish a firm benefit.

Traditionally used for indigestion, fullness, bloating and gas.

EMA recognizes traditional use; available clinical studies do not establish firm conclusions about effectiveness.

An Ayurvedic rasayana traditionally associated with resilience, rest, steady energy and the body’s response to stress.

Some preparations may help with stress and insomnia, but studies are often small and use different products. Evidence for anxiety and cognitive function remains unclear.

Traditionally used as a restorative herb for vitality, mental stamina and resilience during periods of strain or recovery.

Small studies suggest possible cognitive benefits in some middle-aged adults, while evidence for flu prevention is very preliminary. Larger and longer studies are needed.

In Chinese herbal tradition, astragalus is used as a qi-tonifying root and is often associated with vitality and seasonal resilience.

Human research is limited, and there is not enough reliable evidence to determine whether it is useful for any health condition.

Traditionally used for mild, recurrent lower urinary symptoms after serious causes are ruled out.

EMA's assessment concerns traditional use; bearberry is not a substitute for antibiotic treatment of a urinary infection.

Bilberry fruit and leaf have histories of use for vision, circulation and blood-sugar concerns.

NCCIH reports that bilberry has not been clearly shown to help any health condition; better-designed studies have not confirmed improved night vision in healthy people.

Traditionally used to increase urine production for flushing in minor urinary complaints.

EMA classifies this as traditional use; limited clinical data do not prove treatment of urinary infection.

Traditionally used to increase urine flow for minor urinary complaints.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Used in traditional preparations and as a bitter citrus flavoring; modern supplements are promoted for weight loss.

NCCIH says bitter orange has not been clearly shown to help any health condition; weight-loss and performance studies are small, mixed or use multi-ingredient products.

Historically used for menstrual, musculoskeletal and other concerns; today it is commonly associated with menopause support.

A 2023 review found possible benefit for overall menopause symptoms and hot flashes, but evidence for other uses remains insufficient.

Traditionally used for minor joint pain and to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA's conclusions are based on longstanding traditional use; no patient studies were available in its assessment.

Traditionally used for temporary appetite loss and mild digestive complaints.

EMA has a monograph for this herb; documented traditional use is distinct from demonstrated clinical effectiveness.

Traditionally used for temporary appetite loss and mild digestive discomfort.

EMA lists a monograph for bogbean leaf; clinical effectiveness remains uncertain.

Traditionally taken for mild indigestion and gut spasms.

EMA recognizes traditional use, while noting that patient studies of boldo leaf have not been conducted.

A fragrant resin traditionally used for joint comfort, respiratory concerns, digestion and ceremonial incense.

Small studies suggest some Boswellia extracts may reduce osteoarthritis pain and improve function, but larger high-quality trials are needed.

Traditionally used for temporary appetite loss, minor skin complaints and urinary flushing.

Traditional-use documentation is not proof of detoxification or treatment of chronic disease; reliable clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used for pain, coughs, urinary concerns and later for headache and seasonal allergy symptoms.

Some older evidence suggested benefit for migraine prevention, but safety and product-quality problems limit its practical use.

Traditionally applied to minor skin irritation and small wounds, or used for mild mouth and throat inflammation.

The EMA assessment is based on longstanding use rather than strong clinical trial evidence.

Traditionally used for mild stress and sleep difficulties.

EMA's monograph describes traditional use; evidence does not establish treatment for anxiety disorders or chronic insomnia.

Traditionally used for bloating and gas.

EMA's assessment relies on traditional use; high-quality clinical evidence for caraway fruit alone is limited.

Historically used as a stimulant laxative for occasional constipation.

EMA recognizes short-term use as well-established, drawing on clinical experience and evidence from related anthraquinone laxatives; trials of cascara alone are lacking.

A woody Amazonian vine traditionally used for broad wellness and resilience, with uses that vary among communities and preparations.

Very few high-quality human trials have been completed, and there is no conclusive evidence that cat’s claw is useful for any health condition.

Traditionally used for mild digestive discomfort and temporary appetite loss.

EMA's conclusions rest on traditional use; clinical studies are lacking and laboratory data are limited.

A bitter herb traditionally used for temporary appetite loss and mild indigestion.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

A gentle aromatic herb traditionally associated with settling the stomach, soothing the body and supporting an evening wind-down.

Early studies have explored anxiety, mouth irritation and other uses, but evidence is not strong enough to establish most clinical benefits, including insomnia treatment.

Traditionally associated with menstrual-cycle concerns and reproductive health.

Some studies suggest chasteberry may reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms, but evidence for fertility, menopause or other uses is limited.

Traditionally used for mild digestive discomfort and temporary appetite loss.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

A warming aromatic used across food and herbal traditions, often paired with cool-weather dishes and digestive blends.

Studies have not clearly established cinnamon as a treatment for diabetes, weight loss or other health conditions.

Traditionally applied externally for minor sprains and bruises.

EMA evaluates defined topical preparations; this is not evidence that homemade comfrey is safe or effective.

Traditionally used to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA documents traditional use, which does not prove treatment of urinary infection or kidney disease.

A tart food-plant used for nourishment and later associated with urinary-tract wellness.

Some cranberry products may help reduce recurrent urinary tract infections in certain people, but they do not treat an active infection.

A bitter food-herb traditionally connected with digestion and seasonal spring tonics.

Very little human research has been done, so there is no compelling scientific evidence supporting dandelion for a specific health condition.

Traditionally used for minor joint discomfort, mild digestive complaints and temporary loss of appetite.

EMA classifies these as traditional uses; available studies do not justify replacing evaluation or treatment for persistent pain or digestive disease.

Echinacea comes from Indigenous North American plant knowledge and has long been used for a range of wellness purposes.

Some studies suggest certain products may slightly lower the chance of catching a cold, but results are mixed and products are not interchangeable.

Traditionally used during cold-weather months and for symptoms associated with colds and flu.

A small amount of preliminary research suggests possible relief of some upper-respiratory symptoms, but evidence remains limited.

Traditionally used during periods of tiredness and weakness.

EMA evaluates eleuthero root as a traditional herbal medicine; evidence is insufficient to treat an underlying cause of fatigue.

Traditionally used for relief of cough associated with a cold.

EMA's assessment is based on traditional use; it does not establish eucalyptus leaf as a treatment for infection or chronic lung disease.

Traditionally used to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA has a traditional-use monograph; this does not establish treatment of infection or kidney disease.

Traditionally used for minor urinary complaints.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

The plant was used in North American traditions for food and varied topical or respiratory purposes; the oil is a modern supplement.

Evidence does not establish evening primrose oil as helpful for eczema, breast pain, menopause symptoms or other promoted uses.

Used as a food spice and traditionally for digestion and milk supply.

Studies of blood sugar are often low quality, and evidence for increasing breast-milk production is mixed. It is not a replacement for diabetes care or feeding support.

Traditionally used for fevers, headache, digestive concerns and menstrual discomfort.

Studies of feverfew for migraine prevention have had mixed results, and evidence for other uses is insufficient.

A food and fiber crop traditionally used for nourishment, digestion and soothing preparations.

Some studies suggest flaxseed may modestly improve cholesterol or blood pressure, but findings vary by preparation and population.

Historically used as a stimulant laxative for occasional constipation.

EMA accepts short-term use as well-established, drawing on clinical experience and evidence for related anthranoid laxatives; recent trials of frangula alone are lacking.

Traditionally used for mild indigestion, including fullness and flatulence.

EMA's herbal monograph lists this as traditional use, not a clinically established treatment for digestive disease.

Traditionally used for digestive complaints such as indigestion and gas.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

A pungent food-herb valued across cultures for digestion, seasonal wellness and everyday strength.

Garlic supplements may modestly affect cholesterol, blood pressure or blood sugar in some people, but they do not replace prescribed care.

Traditionally used for temporary loss of appetite and mild indigestion.

EMA accepts these uses on longstanding tradition. An uncontrolled study cannot establish effectiveness.

A bitter root traditionally used for temporary appetite loss and mild stomach complaints.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used to warm digestion, settle the stomach and support comfort during cold weather.

Research suggests ginger supplements may help some types of nausea and menstrual cramps, but findings vary by use and product.

Ginkgo seed has a long history in Chinese medicine, while today’s brain-health products usually use a concentrated leaf extract—a distinct preparation.

Ginkgo has not been shown to prevent or slow dementia. A modest effect on some dementia symptoms is possible, but evidence is inconsistent, and benefits for healthy cognition are uncertain.

Historically used by Native American communities for several digestive, skin, eye and wound-related purposes; today it is widely marketed for respiratory wellness.

No rigorous human trials have established goldenseal as useful for a health condition. Research on isolated berberine should not be assumed to apply to whole goldenseal.

Traditionally used in preparations for minor skin wounds.

EMA has assessed defined centella herb preparations; evidence for one preparation should not be generalized to all products.

Traditionally used for feelings of heavy legs associated with minor venous problems.

EMA assesses specific grapevine leaf products, including clinical evidence for some preparations; results cannot be assumed for homemade tea.

Traditionally used to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA recognizes the traditional use but notes that clinical studies in patients are lacking.

A daily beverage traditionally associated with alertness, digestion, hospitality and contemplative practice.

Research has explored cardiovascular, metabolic and cancer outcomes, but green tea has not been established as a treatment for these conditions.

Traditionally used for cough associated with a cold.

EMA has an herbal monograph for grindelia herb; traditional use is not proof of clinical efficacy.

Traditionally used for temporary tiredness and weakness.

EMA classifies this as traditional use. Small studies suggest stimulant effects but do not establish treatment of an underlying cause of fatigue.

Traditionally associated with heart and circulatory support, digestion and food preserves.

Evidence is conflicting or insufficient for heart failure, chest pain, blood pressure and other promoted cardiovascular uses.

Traditionally used for throat irritation and hoarseness.

EMA evaluates traditional use; it does not show that the herb treats an infection or vocal-cord disease.

Traditionally used for mild mental stress and sleep support.

EMA recognizes traditional use. Studies of combinations, such as hops with valerian, cannot show how much benefit comes from hops alone.

Traditionally used for leg swelling, hemorrhoids, pain and other circulatory concerns.

A review suggested standardized seed extract may improve symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, but larger rigorous studies are still needed.

Traditionally used for minor urinary complaints and superficial wounds.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints and externally on superficial wounds.

EMA considers these traditional uses. One small study in healthy men suggests a mild diuretic effect but is insufficient to establish treatment benefit.

Traditionally used to soothe mouth and throat irritation and dry cough, and as a bitter for appetite.

EMA has an herbal monograph; these are traditional uses and do not establish treatment of infection.

Traditionally used for cough with a cold and mild stomach or gut discomfort.

EMA bases these uses on longstanding tradition; clinical trials are insufficient to establish effectiveness.

Used as an expectorant for productive, chesty coughs.

EMA recognizes specific ivy-leaf preparations for productive cough. Evidence and dosing apply to those products, not to homemade tea.

Traditionally used to increase urine flow for minor urinary complaints.

EMA's monograph assesses traditional use; evidence is insufficient to treat urinary infection or kidney disease.

Traditionally used for minor urinary complaints as part of an approach that includes adequate fluid intake.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used for mild digestive complaints.

EMA assesses this rhizome separately from Curcuma longa; evidence cannot be transferred between the species or preparations.

Traditionally included in herbal preparations for minor urinary complaints.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used for mild digestive complaints and to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA has a traditional-use monograph; its assessment found no published clinical efficacy studies for the berry alone.

A culturally significant beverage used in Pacific communities for ceremony, welcome, social connection and calm.

Some preparations may reduce anxiety symptoms in the short term, but evidence and product composition vary.

Traditionally used for cold symptoms, minor mouth or throat irritation, and minor urinary complaints.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used for cold symptoms, mild mouth or throat inflammation and urinary flushing.

EMA bases these uses on tradition. A small gingivitis study has reporting limits and cannot establish benefit.

An aromatic herb traditionally connected with calm, rest, bathing rituals and easing everyday tension.

A specific oral lavender oil product may help anxiety, but studies have limitations. Evidence for lavender aromatherapy, tea, sleep or stress remains unclear.

Used for winding down, mild stress and digestive discomfort such as bloating.

EMA recognizes traditional use for these purposes; small clinical studies do not establish reliable treatment effects.

Traditionally used for mild stress, sleep support, bloating and gas.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used for mild mental stress, to aid sleep and for mild bloating or flatulence.

EMA places these uses in its traditional-use monograph; they are not established by strong clinical trials.

Used across several traditions for cough, respiratory comfort, digestion and as a harmonizing ingredient in multi-herb formulas.

There is not enough high-quality evidence to support licorice for a health condition. Some preliminary findings involve mouth sores or topical use, not general immune support.

Traditionally used for mild mental stress and comfort during a common cold.

Traditional use is documented, but good clinical evidence is insufficient to establish effectiveness.

Traditionally used to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA lists a monograph for lovage root; traditional use does not establish a treatment for infection.

The mucilage-rich flower is traditionally used to soothe mouth or throat irritation and an associated dry cough.

EMA recognizes traditional use; clinical evidence is insufficient to establish treatment effectiveness.

Its mucilage is traditionally used to soothe an irritated throat and mild digestive discomfort.

EMA recognizes traditional use; clinical evidence remains insufficient to establish treatment benefits.

Traditionally used as a stimulating drink during tiredness and for minor urinary complaints.

EMA has a herbal monograph for the leaf; traditional use does not prove treatment of a cause of fatigue or urinary illness.

Traditionally used for cold symptoms and minor aches.

EMA has an herbal monograph for the flower. Traditional use does not establish a clinical benefit for every preparation.

Traditionally used for discomfort associated with minor venous circulation problems.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used for liver, gallbladder and digestive concerns.

Clinical studies for liver diseases, diabetes and other conditions have produced conflicting or insufficient evidence.

Traditionally used for nervous tension and a sensation of palpitations after serious causes are excluded.

EMA documents traditional use, not proof that motherwort treats heart disease or an anxiety disorder.

Traditionally used for throat discomfort associated with a dry cough and cold.

EMA notes a lack of clinical studies; the assessment is based on traditional use, not evidence of lung cleansing.

Traditionally used for minor mouth inflammation and small superficial wounds.

EMA's assessment is based on longstanding traditional use rather than robust clinical trials.

Used for minor joint discomfort and to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA evaluates these as traditional uses; nettle is not a substitute for antibiotics or treatment of kidney disease.

Traditionally used for mild diarrhea and minor skin or mouth irritation.

EMA's monograph describes specific traditional uses; it does not establish that oak bark treats an infection.

Traditionally used for mild mental stress and to support sleep.

EMA recognizes these uses on the basis of longstanding traditional use, not strong clinical-trial proof.

Traditionally used to promote urine production in mild water retention, after a doctor has ruled out serious causes.

EMA recognizes traditional use for water elimination; limited studies do not justify replacing heart, kidney or blood-pressure treatment.

Traditionally used for restlessness, sleep and nervous tension.

A small amount of research suggests possible effects on anxiety or sleep, but evidence is too limited for firm conclusions.

Used in herbal preparations for symptoms of the common cold.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

A cooling aromatic traditionally used after meals and for digestive comfort.

Enteric-coated peppermint oil may help some adults with irritable bowel syndrome; far less is known about peppermint leaf tea for health conditions.

Traditionally used for symptoms of a common cold.

EMA lists an herbal monograph; traditional use does not show that it prevents or cures viral infection.

Traditionally used for cough-related mucus and occasional constipation.

EMA has an herbal monograph, but longstanding use alone does not demonstrate clinical effectiveness.

Traditionally used to help loosen phlegm during a cough associated with a cold.

EMA bases this use on tradition; laboratory findings do not replace clinical trials of primula root alone.

Traditionally used as an expectorant for coughs associated with a cold.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Used to increase stool bulk and soften stools.

EMA recognizes established use for constipation; it can also supplement dietary fiber in selected people with constipation-predominant IBS or high cholesterol.

Traditionally used for lower urinary symptoms associated with benign prostate enlargement.

EMA assesses defined bark preparations; any symptom improvement does not rule out a serious prostate condition.

Traditionally used for relief of minor menstrual spasms and mild mouth or throat inflammation.

EMA's conclusions rely on traditional use; evidence does not establish that raspberry leaf starts labor or makes childbirth safer.

Traditionally used in spring tonics and for skin, respiratory and women’s health concerns.

Studies have not clearly shown that red-clover isoflavones relieve menopause symptoms or prevent bone loss.

Traditionally used to increase urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA bases the use on tradition. Laboratory findings exist, but studies in patients are lacking.

Traditionally used to support urine flow in minor urinary complaints.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used for endurance, fatigue, work capacity and resilience in cold, high-altitude regions.

There is not enough reliable evidence to know whether rhodiola improves cognition, mood, energy, stress or any other health outcome; most human studies are low-to-moderate quality.

Traditionally used to soothe irritation of the mouth or throat and an associated dry cough.

EMA recognizes traditional uses; the evidence does not establish it as a treatment for respiratory infection.

Traditionally used for mild digestive discomfort.

EMA assesses Roman chamomile separately from Matricaria recutita; evidence for one species cannot be assumed for the other.

Traditionally used for mild inflammation of skin and the lining of the mouth or throat.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Leaf preparations have been used for indigestion; external preparations have a history of use for minor muscular discomfort.

EMA's leaf assessment rests on traditional use, not proof that rosemary treats memory loss or other chronic conditions.

Traditionally used for digestive and respiratory concerns; modern herbal practice also explores sage in connection with memory and mental clarity.

A few small studies suggest possible improvements on memory or cognition tests in healthy people, but the evidence is limited and no definite conclusion can be reached.

Traditionally used as food and for urinary or reproductive concerns.

High-quality studies show saw palmetto alone is probably not helpful for urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate; evidence for hair loss is limited.

Used as a stimulant laxative for occasional constipation.

EMA recognizes well-established short-term use for occasional constipation. It is not a weight-loss or detox treatment.

Traditionally used for heavy menstrual bleeding in regular cycles after serious causes are excluded.

EMA bases this use on tradition; a small study could not support firm conclusions about effectiveness.

Traditionally associated with mood, nerve discomfort and topical wound care.

Certain extracts may help mild-to-moderate depression, but results do not apply to severe depression and products vary.

Traditionally used for mild digestive spasms, bloating and gas.

EMA recognizes traditional medicinal use; this does not establish fennel as treatment for an underlying digestive disease.

Traditionally used on minor skin concerns and in specific mouth preparations.

EMA assessed particular tea-tree oil preparations; traditional use does not prove effectiveness for all skin conditions.

Used in Chinese herbal practice for inflammatory and immune-related conditions under expert supervision.

Some studies suggest benefit for rheumatoid arthritis, but serious toxicity and variable product quality sharply limit use.

Traditionally used for a chesty cough accompanying a cold.

Traditional use supports the EMA assessment; evidence for thyme alone is limited. Combination-product studies do not establish the effect of homemade tea.

Traditionally used for mild diarrhea and for minor inflammation of the mouth and throat.

EMA recognizes traditional use rather than well-established clinical effectiveness.

A golden rhizome traditionally associated with digestion, circulation, joint comfort and skin practices across several Asian healing systems.

Early findings for some uses are promising, but evidence is not strong enough to conclude that turmeric or curcumin treats a health condition.

Traditionally used for sleep, restlessness and nervous tension.

Evidence is insufficient to determine whether valerian reliably improves insomnia, anxiety or related concerns.

Traditionally used for cough with a cold, mild indigestion and temporary appetite loss.

EMA classifies these as traditional uses; clinical trials do not establish benefit.

Traditionally used for cold-related cough, mild digestive discomfort and temporary appetite loss.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally used for minor skin complaints.

EMA has a traditional-use monograph; clinical benefit for skin disease is not established.

Traditionally used for minor joint pain, headache and fever with a cold.

EMA recognizes a defined dry extract for short-term lower-back pain; other uses rely on tradition, and this does not apply to every bark tea.

Traditionally used for lower urinary symptoms associated with benign prostate enlargement.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

Traditionally applied for minor skin irritation and hemorrhoid-related discomfort.

EMA assesses witch-hazel bark separately from leaf and distillate; traditional use is not proof of benefit for serious skin disease.

Used in herbal skin-care traditions for minor skin irritation.

EMA describes traditional use for specific preparations. This does not establish that homemade products treat disease, and clinical evidence is limited.

A bitter herb traditionally used for appetite loss and mild digestive complaints.

EMA has an herbal monograph; traditional use does not establish benefit for untreated illness.

Used for temporary appetite loss, minor digestive spasms and minor menstrual cramps; external use includes small superficial wounds.

EMA recognizes traditional uses; rigorous human evidence remains limited.